第1页共7页《英语周报》高考二轮复习——语法项目讲解与练习构词法英语构词法主要有三种:合成、转化和派生。一、合成合成词是由两个或两个以上的词结合起来的复合词。有的用连字符“-”连接,有的直接连写在一起,还有的由分开的词构成。合成法可用以构成任何词类,但多为名词和形容词。1.名词复合词名词+名词:wallpaper,hunter-gatherer形容词+名词:blackboard,superman名词+动词:waterfall,headache动词-ing形式+名词:readingroom,cleaningwoman名词+动词-ing形式:handwriting,sightseeing动词+名词:pickpocket,flashlight,workroom动词+副词:readout,take-away其它形式:good-for-nothing,go-between2.形容词复合词形容词/数词+名词:old-style,first-rate名词+过去分词:hand-made,weather-beaten名词+形容词:airsick,duty-free名词+动词-ing形式:breathtaking,record-breaking形容词+动词-ing形式:hard-working,easy-going形容词/副词+过去分词:wide-spread,dry-cleaned,so-called,outdated其它形式:up-to-date,face-to-face二、转化转化是指一个单词的词形不经过任何变化而由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性。1.动词转化为名词有些词在转化过程中词义变化不大,如try,kiss。有些动词转化为名词时意义有一定的变化,如feed(v.喂养→n.饲料),draw(v.画画,抽,拉→n.平局)等。2.名词转化为动词:ship(n.船→v.运送)。3.形容词转化为动词、名词或副词第2页共7页1)有些形容词可以转化为动词。如:calm(adj.冷静的→v.使平静)。2)有些形容词可以转化为名词。如:daily(adj.每日的→n.日报)。3)有些形容词可以转化为副词。如:clear,low,high,cheap,close等。4.介词转化为名词:theupsanddownsoflife5.连词转化为名词:noifs,ands,orbuts6.一些其它情况的转化。如:Theyforwardedhismailtohisnewaddress.(adv.→v.)Thepeoplearewalkingnorth.(n.→adv.)三、派生派生是指通过给一个单词加前缀或后缀构成另一个词。1.常见前缀:in-,il-,im-,ir-,un-,non-,dis-(表否定或反义):incomplete,illegal,impossible,irresponsible,unfair,non-smoker,disappearmis-(表错误,不好):mislead,misunderstand,mismatchover-,super-,under-(表程度):overeat,superpower,underprovidedfore-,trans-,inter-(表位置):foreleg,transplant,internationalre-,pre-,post-(表顺序、时间):rebuild,pre-school,post-warbi-,multi-,semi-(表数量):bicycle,multicultural,semicirclea-,en-(转化词类):asleep,enlarge2.常见后缀:1)名词后辍-ery,-ry(表场所、性质):nursery,slavery-hood(表身份、性质):boyhood,childhood-ism(表主义、行为):materialism,optimism-ship(表性质、关系):membership,hardship-er(表具有特征之人或用于……之物):Londoner,thinker-ess(表女性):actress,waitress-ee(表受事者):employee,trainee-er,-or(表施事者):employer,instructor-ist(表主义者、从事某种职业):communist,scientist-al(表行为、结果):arrival,refusal第3页共7页-tion(表动作、状态):exploration,starvation-ment(表结果):arrangement,equipment-ty,-ity,-ness(形容词转名词):safety,activity,happiness2)形容词后缀-ed(表具有):excited,gifted-ful(表充满):useful,successful-ish(表类似):bookish,selfish-less(表没有):careless,harmless-like(表“像”):womanlike,manlike-ly(表特色或者“每”):motherly,daily-y(表具有……特征):sandy,hairy-able,-ive(附在动词后构成形容词):changeable,productive-etic(附在名词后构成形容词):sympathetic,apologetic-al,-ial,-ical(表具有……特点,与……有关):original,material,psychological3)副词后缀-ly:personally,calmly4)动词后缀-en,-ify,-ize:widen,simplify,publicize高考链接用括号内单词的正确形式填空。1.Toavoidkneepain,youcanrunonsoftsurfaces,doexercisesto________(strength)yourlegmuscles(肌肉),avoidhillsandgetgoodrunningshoes.(2018全国卷I...